Greek victory over the Persians in 490 to 480/479 BC Essay

Assess the reasons for the Greek victory over the Persians in 490 to 480/479 BC. Make a judgement based on outcome, results and values. The reasons for the Greek victory against the Persians in 490 to 480/479 BC was a mixture of exceptional leadership, skilful tactics and strategy, superior weapons and soldiers, and Greek unity. Strong leadership was the most important aspect of the Greek defence, as without the intelligence and bravery of the leaders, the Greeks would have been easily defeated. As a result of the excellent leadership; Greek tactics, strategy, and unity were greatly strengthened. Combined with their better weapons and soldiers, the Greeks held the advantage and seized opportunities at the perfect moment. Also, with each victory the Greeks grew more confident of success and defiant of the Persian attempts to invade. The poor organisation and disarray of their enemy led to an undermining of the Persian might and further improved Greece’s chances of success. Despite the lack of official unity throughout Greece, many brilliant leaders from individual cities combined their skills and abilities to defeat the Persians. Greek leadership developed from weak and conflicting to united and strong, directly contributing to a Greek victory over the Persians as they promoted unity, strategy and a determination to defend their homeland. Without this firm leadership, the other reasons for Greek success would not exist as strongly. Despite the Greeks strong defiance of Persia, Darius and many of his council still foolishly believed that they could easily overcome the Greeks. They were short sighted as they saw only personal fame and glory to be gained, and as a result, did not prepare for the possibility of difficulties, and certainly not defeat. This arrogance reflects the poor leadership from the Persian side, which aided the Greeks in defeating them. When Darius invaded, there was conflicting debate at Athens as to whether they should defend the city walls or meet the enemy. However Miltiades’ excellent leadership persuaded the council to take supplies and leave the city if the Persians landed. This is seen in the ‘Miltiades’ Decree.’  Despite being the Polemarch, Callimachus relied on advice from Miltiades who had in depth experience in Persian combat. As opposed to the Persians, the Greeks were willing to co operate in the defence of their country which directly lead to their success. Both Callimachus and Miltiades convinced the Athenian Assembly to send an army to Marathon. At Marathon, the 10 strategoi were equally divided in decision as to whether to attack the Persians or retreat, as they were heavily outnumbered. A decision was made to attack, and each of the generals was given one day to hold in command. Aristides and three other leaders gave their leadership command to Miltiades. This meant that Miltiades was in command for five out of the ten days of battle, and due to the generosity of the other generals, was able to carefully plan a much more effective attack over five days instead of one. When Miltiades was informed that the Persian calvary was absent, he timed the attack to surprise the Persians. â€Å"We know enough to realise the brilliance of Miltiades’ generalship at every stage: his decision to march to Marathon, his determination to attack, his grasp of the suitable opportunity, and his tactical disposition of the infantry line.† (Hammond) It was this brilliance that allowed the Greeks to win at Marathon, which directly increased their confidence and improved future chances of defeating the Persians. The Persian leaders Datis, Hippias, and Artaphernes were confident of a victory over Athens after their defeat of Eretria. â€Å"Their experience at Eretria will have encouraged them to believe that there would be divisions among the Athenians at Athens, and possibly on the field.† (Bury& Meiggs) They therefore did not predict the Athenians to challenge them at Marathon, and dismissed their own cavalry. This foolish decision costed them the battle as the Athenians would have been intimidated by the excellent Persian cavalry, which could have easily defended a Greek attack. It is this arrogance and poor insight from the Persian leaders that added to a Greek victory. After the death of Darius, his son Xerxes was persuaded by his overconfident advisor Mardonius to attack the Greeks, and in doing so, Mardonius exaggerated Greek weaknesses and character. Even when Damaratus repeatedly told Xerxes that the Spartans were the bravest and best fighters of Greece, Xerxes still mocked them for their appearance and actions. â€Å"For four whole days he suffered to go by, expecting that the Greeks would run away.† (Herodotus) Contrasting with Persia’s arrogant and assuming leaders, Greece produced the finest leadership after Marathon. Themistokles was an example of excellent leadership, as he prepared for the possibility of renewed attacks from Persia. He fortified the Piraeus bay, and used surplus to build 100 new triremes to fight against the Persians. â€Å"The pre eminent importance of his statesmanship was due in the first place to his insight in discerning the potentialities of his city and in grasping her situation before any one else had grasped it; and then to his energy in initiating, and his adroitness and perseverance in following, a policy which raised his city, and could alone have raised her, to the position which she attained before his death.† (Bury& Meiggs) Themistokles’ clever tactics and strategy emerged from his high quality leadership, as he carefully selected the positions and methods for the Greek defence. Themistokles persuaded the Greek navy to battle against the Persians despite being outnumbered as Artemisium. Herodotus says that Themistokles even bribed some of the navy leaders to keep the Greek unity together. He again exhibited his leadership skills when he planned the attack on the Greek navy. Themistokles chose excellent timing and precision in attacking the Persians where the weather, tide, and narrow straits made it difficult for the enemy. At Artemisium, â€Å"The Persian admirals did not know the coastal waters of the Greek peninsula, and they were comparatively inexperienced in naval warfare†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hammomd) The Persians were unorganised as they did not  expect attack and disadvantaged because of their lack of competent leaders. At Thermopylae, Leonidas was a responsible, respected, and courageous leader; and despite facing inevitable death, he continued to fight for the Greek cause, whilst dismissing many of the other soldiers from battle because â€Å"he tendered their safety†. (Herodotus) Sparta was given overall command but did not abuse her powers as a leader. â€Å"The fact that Sparta did not seek to extend her own Alliance and assert her own supremacy, but preferred to treat as an equal with the other states and let them choose their leader, is an outstanding mark of her far sighted statesmanship.† (Hammond). This again contrasted with the competitive and all-for-one nature of the Persian leaders, as the Greek leaders promoted unity and alliance. Themistokles also cleverly chose the position of the battle at Salamis so that the Greeks few numbers would be placed at the biggest advantage- â€Å"Themistokles had managed that a naval battle should be fought at Salamis, and under the conditions most favourable to the Greeks.† (Bury& Meiggs). However the Persians were â€Å"badly generalled† and this spread chaos throughout the Persian navy. Themistokles made an extremely clever and daring plan to fool the Persians at Salamis. He sent a slave to tell Xerxes that the Greeks would attempt to escape during the night through the straits. The Persians wasted their energy guarding the exits and in the morning the Greeks successfully attacked them. Themistokles’ ingenious plan lead to the defeat of the weary Persians at Salamis, and once again proved that the main reason for the Greek victory was the insightful and daring leadership shown at that time. Pausanius â€Å"won the most splendid victory which history records† (Herodotus) at Plataea. He found it necessary to withdraw from Plataea as the battle had developed into a stalemate. Whilst the Persian leader Mardonius assumed that the Greeks would be weak whilst they were changing position, the Greeks counter attacked. â€Å"But when the main body of Persians had drawn up within  bowshot behind their fence of wicker shields, the order to charge was given, and the heavy Peloponnesian infantry dashed at a run upon the enemy’s line†¦The result was decisive.† (Kagan) The clever strategies used by the Greeks were a direct result of their qualified leaders, and lead to the defeat of Persia. All the locations and tactics chosen by the Greeks contributed immensely to their victory and was the second most important reason for the Greek triumph. Miltiades chose Marathon as a strategic site for the battle- the high lands surrounded both roads to Athens and hid the Athenians until the perfect moment to attack. Due to Miltiades’ former knowledge, he knew that the Persians would be strong towards the centre, and so he placed the skilled Athenian infantry into wings to encircle the Greeks. Miltiades aimed at surprising the Persians and â€Å"the men charged at the double and hurled themselves upon the Persian infantry†. (Hammond) This was the first time such an attack had been attempted, and the creativity and excellent strategy was all due to the amazing ability of the leaders, Miltiades and Callimachus. The run created fear and confusion in the Persian ranks and allowed the Greeks to close in before the Persian bowmen could release their arrows. Despite the Persians breaking through the middle Greek troops, the Greek wings wheeled around to attack the Persians from the rear, as Miltiades planned. He had even organised the attack so that the Persians could only flee north towards a difficult marsh, where many died. The Persians did not realise the Greek tactics and strategy, as they underestimated their ability. Instead they believed that â€Å"the Athenians were bereft of their senses, and bent upon their own destruction: for they saw a mere handful of men coming on at a run without either horsemen or archers.† (Herodotus) As they were caught unaware, the Persians had little time to adopt new tactics for battle. Their strategic preparation was poor. At Thermopylae, Leonidas selected his position carefully, and fought in a narrow pass in which the Persians had difficulty in passing through. This greatly advantaged the Greeks, as the narrow space could only admit a small  portion of the Persian army. They also had a stone wall to protect the army camp. In addition, the Persian cavalry were unable to fight in the small area, which would increase the Greek chances of winning dramatically. The Spartans planned strategies on drawing the Persians into the pass and would then wheel around and attack them. Themistokles understood that the Greeks were unable to fully defeat the Persians over land and selected Artemisium as the ideal location to battle their navy. At Artemisium the Greek leaders developed strategy of combining the triremes to form a circle facing outwards to attack the Persians. This plan overcame the disadvantage of being greatly outnumbered. Themistokles carefully chose the timing and position of the battle. The strategy of drawing in the Persian fleet into narrow waters meant that the enemy ships began to collide with each other. Themistokles waited until the tide rose and began to push the Persian ships off course, â€Å"the low-built Athenian triremes, which were less affected by the swell, rowed in to the charge and rammed their opponents, shearing their oars or holing their sides†¦A great victory had been won by tactical skill, by the use of the ram, and by the fighting quality of the Greek marines.† (Hammond) Despite using citizen troops, the Greek hoplites were better trained and equipped than the Persians. The hoplites wore bronze visored helmets, solid bronze breast plates, and carried longer shields and javelins. On the contrary, the Persians wore light armour, wicker shields and used bows and arrows, which became useless in close contact. The discipline in which the hoplites were famous for was shown through their ability to encircle the Persians and attack from the rear. â€Å"In hand to hand fighting their defeat of a more numerous enemy was due to their courage, spearmanship, general and the finest infantry force in her whole history.† (Hammond) At Artemisium, the navy was extremely well disciplined whilst facing many Persian ships surrounding them. They responded to two signals and successfully formed a close circle to attack the Persians. This shows the exceptional skill from the sailors that contributed to their victory. Both the Spartan hoplites and the Tegeans were acknowledged as having great fighting skills and discipline at Plataea- â€Å"by the superb spirit and skill of the Spartan hoplites, who proved themselves to be the finest infantrymen not of Greece alone but of the civilised world.† (Plutarch, Aristides) Thus the incredible skill and ability of the Greek soldiers, combined with their superior weapons contributed immensely to their victory. The battle at Marathon was to be a direct planned attack by the Persians on Athens. After the downfall of Eretria, Athens united under their leaders like Miltiades and planned on how to save the city. Their appeal to Sparta for aid was reluctantly refused as the Spartans had an important religious festival to attend to. Despite Sparta’s inability, the Plataeans sent help â€Å"in full force† (Herodotus), and 2000 Spartans did arrive soon after the battle and congratulated the Athenians on their defeat. â€Å"No one in antiquity doubted the sincerity of the religious scruples which had prevented them from participating in the battle.† (Kagan?) Sparta and Athens â€Å"now joined hands to resist the invasion† as they were singled out by Persia as the Greek leaders. (Bury& Meiggs) In 481 BC the congress at Isthmus united 31 Greek states to discuss the possible Persian threat. Athens discarded her claim to leadership, knowing that the other states would prefer Sparta to lead. In doing so, a quarrel that may have divided the union was avoided. All past disputes were ended, and deadly enemies Athens and Aegina combined their naval superiority. The meeting of the Greeks was â€Å"an attempt to combine all the scattered cities of the Greek world to withstand the power of Persia.† (Grote) Themistokles issued the Troezen decree so that â€Å"all Athenians may in unity ward off the Barbarian† (Troezen Decree) by calling back Greek exiles. This plan was clever, as the exiles like Xanthippus and Aristides combined their efforts to resist the Persians, despite being previously forced to leave their own country. At Thermopylae â€Å"the Thespians stayed entirely for their own accord, refusing to retreat and declaring that they would not forsake Leonidas and his followers.† (Herodotus) Despite the number of forces joining the army at Thermopylae, many of them, including the Spartans were unwilling to provide full assistance as they did not think it was feasible to defend the northern states. Thus unity was at times strained and lacked the full force it potentially had. Mardonius attempted to offer peace with the Athenians in an attempt to undermine Greek unity and overpower the Spartans. However the Athenians angrily refused, displaying their courage and alliance with the Greek cause. Mardonius made a second offering, and he even believed they would change their minds. The underestimating of the Greek unity and Athenian determination was one reason why Persia failed to defeat Greece. â€Å"Artistides declared that, so long as the sun continued in his course, the Athenians would attack the Persians with the aid of the gods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kagan) â€Å"The campaign of Plataea was the finest achievement of Greek unity.† (Kagan) 23 states took an oath of comradeship to fight together until the Persians were defeated, and over 100 000 Greeks joined the battles. In comparison with the Greeks, the Persians were ominously competitive. Pausanius and his second in command Artabazus were rivals and schemed to take control and glory from each other. The strongest reason for a Greek victory against the Persians in 490 to 480/79 was the extraordinary ability of the leaders. This led to the next most important reason- the cunning tactics and strategies used by the Greeks. The skill of the Greek soldiers and their superior armour also  greatly contributed to their victory, as only their bravery and aptitude would help them overcome the size of the Persian army. Unity was the least contributing factor throughout the battles as it was inconsistent and was only really significant when Athens and Sparta joined forces.

International Cooperation Essay

The paper â€Å"International Cooperation in Economic and Security Affairs, by Charles Lipson, published in the October 1984 issue of â€Å"World Politics† focuses on analyzing the different forms of strategic interaction that address issues pertaining to international cooperation in economic and security affairs. It analyzes the use of the Prisoner’s Dilemma theory to help clarify some basic features of international conflict and cooperation as well as some objections for its usage as a model of international interaction. It also discusses factors that affect the relationship between superpowers, the hegemonic system, the effect of recessions, the evolution of cooperation as well as detailed account of sustained economic cooperation among developed nations. The Prisoner’s Dilemma theory demonstrates both the possible benefits from cooperation and the factors that hinder it. The study of international political economy must address how relationships are corrected to make cooperation of exchange sensibly secure. The author emphasizes the main issue in international relations theory, which is the emergence and maintenance of cooperation among sovereign, self-interest states, performing in the absence of centralized authority. Every nation must readily commit to comply with economic agreements in order to facilitate trust and eliminate the risks of cooperating. Strategic cooperation is important in encouraging the creation of rules, norms, and political institutions in the international economy and in security affairs. It is also important to understand the pattern of rule construction in international cooperation.

Differences Between the Federalists and Jeffersonians

During the early formative years of our nation, George Washington and John Adams both opposed any development towards splitting politics into two divisions. The two early leaders thought of it to be very unconstitutional, stating that Americans need to set aside their differences and remain unified. However, the rapidly growing interests of north and south, rich and poor, and industry and agriculture were all tossed around until two major political groups were finally formed.The Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton, who preferred urban life and supported northern efforts, envisioned that the new country’s federal government should have more power, and wanted it to be a replica of the British system. In addition, Hamilton strived towards the creation of national banks that would establish fiscal policy, use debt to establish credit, and regulate a national currency. However, opposing viewers feared that a stronger federal government would do nothing but wipe out the newl y born democracy.The opposing competitors such as the Jeffersonians led by Thomas Jefferson, who preferred rural life and spoke for southern efforts, believed that it would be more necessary to provide the majority of the power with the individual states. The Jeffersonians also believed that the creation of national banks was unconstitutional, and that it wasn’t permitted by our early forefathers. As differences continued to occur, Americans only saw the gap between the two political parties widening more and more.When it came to foreign policy, Jefferson and Hamilton both encouraged America to remain neutral and to not take sides. They wanted the country to build relationships with other nations, but also to stay clear of any international conflict. However, Jefferson thought that America should be helping the French efforts against the British, while Hamilton thought that war efforts should be targeted at helping their mother country of England defeat the French.As time wen t on, the differences between both parties only grew on and on. While Jefferson seized agriculture to be the backbone of the nation, Hamilton wanted the economy to be equally balanced between agriculture, trade, finance, and manufacturing. All in all, both men were very well educated. Even though they shared completely different political views, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton both made enormous contributions in shaping the new nation, and expected nothing less than a wonderful future for the United States.

The Interconnection of Panopticism and the Cult of Domesticity Essay

The Interconnection of Panopticism and the Cult of Domesticity - Essay Example The prisoners themselves are constantly isolated from each other but remain in full view of the watchtower. The psychological affect upon the prisoners is that by being constantly aware of the possibility of the tower's attention, they modify their behavior accordingly. Foucault claims this relation has been adapted to all aspects of society, elements of which will be discussed shortly. However, the implications of this system are apparent in the social doctrines of the "Cult of Domesticity" which existed in America roughly from 1850-1950. The Cult of Domesticity refers to the prevailing attitudes that arose with the industrial age, in which the patriarch of the household went to work while the wife and children remained at home. Social standards therefore demanded a woman be pious (to uphold the religious standards of the house), pure (in terms of sexual felicity to the husband), submissive (in that the husband had final authority), and domestic (housework maintenance was believed to strengthen piety and purity). As the working world belonged to men, the order of the household was a woman's domain. The combination of social panopticism and demands of the cult of domesticity naturally caused distress to the psyche of many women. Evidence of both can be illuminated through examining their influence in the lives of women: firstly by analyzing such stories as "The Yel low Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin, and "A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner, then lastly by examining the life of Ida B. Wells through the documentary Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice. In "The Yellow Wallpaper," Gilman portrays an invalid narrator who is essentially kept helpless and bedridden by her husband, John, and his sister Jennie. Not only is her husband the authority in the house, he is also a practicing physician. This makes the narrator at a distinct disadvantage, for not only must she be submissive to her husband, but he is privy to the 'scientific' theories bolstering the cult of domesticity. These sexist theories were supported by several masculine observations: firstly, that women had less physical stamina than men, as their monthly menstruations incapacitate them while also inducing 'insanity', and secondly, because female systems fluctuated so to their reproductive cycles, women were viewed as delicate and therefore susceptible to over exhaustion. Medical opinion of the time held that the body contained only a certain amount of energy; as a woman's reproductive system was so complex, all of her energy must be available to its equilibrium. Intellect ual activity was believed to drain away energy need for these organs hence, Gilman's narrator is constantly fearful that she will be discovered writing in her book. John, as a doctor, proscribes nothing but rest for the narrator to recover her energies; as her husband, he enforces this by keeping her isolated in the bedroom most of the day. The circumstances of the narrator directly parallel the conditions Foucault describes in the Panopticon prison model. The prisoner is kept under constant, but random, observation, to the point where she begins to suspect constant observation when she personifies the wallpaper into a watchful guard. The wallpaper becomes a symbol of her imprisonment,

Report assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Report assignment - Essay Example Finally, some recommendations will be presented towards the end of the report. 2. Can IS Save the Public Services a. Topic Overview The topic of the lecture was quite interesting and catches the attention of listener instantly. Moreover the facts and examples given during the course of presentation were closely connected to the public interest. Generic conclusions were drawn about various aspects of the public Information Systems towards the end of the lecture. The lecture was formatted as a combination of presentation with background audio of the presenter. The topic actually talks about the development of Information systems in public domain and the value they deliver to the public. The lecturer has also pointed out some important methods for decision maker to ensure attainment of perceived value from public Information Systems. b. Level and Amount of Information The topic of the presentation was generic in nature and therefore amount and level of information can be questioned. The re were several aspects of the public information systems that could be discussed but were not covered in the presentation. This gives a feel of incompleteness and deficiency of the information on the given topic. The issue further highlighted the knowledge gape and lack of preparations. Even the lecturer did not clearly mention the scope of his presentation in the beginning. There logical development of the ideas was not of high standard and it seems that topic was beefed up with material from here and there to make a point. The speaker initially talked about the area where information systems are implemented in public sector but the list of these sectors was not comprehensive and only pointed out some major areas. Then speaker straightway jumped to the discussion on how these systems were outsourced and what problems were faced by the commissioning authority and the outsourced company. Here the speaker concluded that the bidding process is not a correct procedure for outsourcing i nformation systems development in public sector. The bidders try to bid at lowest rate to win the bid, later he find it hard to fulfill the Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and the either he quits or public could not get the value out of the system it was conceived with. This was followed by an appropriate example of a private firm EDS who suffered a more than12 billion lose on this account. An interesting comparison was drawn on how much the information system differs depending on the organizational structure of the department commissioning these systems. (Chris, 2010) c. Organization of Information There is enough room for improvement in the organization of information and we can note many inaccuracies in the presentation. On a slide with the title of â€Å"Can we look abroad for help† there was no discussion on external bidders for the development of information systems. Some slide looked a little crowded and packet. It was quite difficult for the audience to read the data at these slides and to focus on what the speaker was talking about. Moreover, reading text was not helpful in getting to the point what the lecturer was trying to deliver. Often reading the text at the slide resulted in mismatch of the point being talked about. d. Presentation Skills Beyond the contents of the lecture, the presentation and delivery of the contents was not professionally elevated. In the opening of the lecture there were few unrecognizable voices and audience could see the first slide of the presentation

The ethics and leadership conference pertained to the selection of the Essay

The ethics and leadership conference pertained to the selection of the speakers overview - Essay Example At the initial stage, professor Plump introduced the guest speakers to the audience by delving into their brief history, accomplishments and hallmarks of success. The first speaker was Marcus Allen, the CEO of Big Brothers Big Sisters at Southeastern. He was soon followed by by the Claims Regional Vice President at AIG, Brian Bornstein. The third speaker was Edward Capobianco, the General Counsel of Swarovski. The final speaker was, Tom Wingert, the founder and director of Inkster Cares at Inkster. He also recently graduated from LaSalle University six months ago, There were quite a numbers of question raised and discussions on significant issues related to the business environment in the course of the conference. However, there were two pertinent issues that caught my attention. The first point pertained to how and when an employee was expected to reveal any work related challenges or problems. The second issue pertained to understanding that being mistaken in taking an irrational decision is not a problem but ignoring it and not attempting to fix it, may cause real problem and place and individual in a precarious situation. Moreover, it was insightful to learn that nonprofit organizations are reliant on disclosure data. This maybe either internal in nature such as that between board members and other employees; or external in nature such with a government agency, beneficiary or donator.

Teaching Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teaching Philosophy - Essay Example Our goal as teachers is to help children learn. However, not all children learn in the same manner. Therefore, we should be able to adjust to them. There is never a wrong way to learn things and there is never a stupid question or a dumb opinion when it comes to children. Children will always experiment. They will always discover something new in the process. They will want to try out their new ideas and experiences with other people. Provided that they do not hurt themselves or others, and provided that the teacher is able to guide them towards the proper understanding of what they have just discovered or learned, there is no reason for them not to share it with others. After all, that is how we evolved as a society. The goal of education has always been to help others learn more about themselves and the world around them. To help them realize that the world we live in is not perfect and that there is always room for improvement and change. Education is vital in the occurrence of th ese changes because it is the educator's job to help the students, the learners realize these shortcomings and encourage them to correct what is wrong or invent ways to improve the world. A reconstructionist education will concentrate mostly on helping the students ask the right social questions that will, in turn, help them create a better society in the future. This is of the utmost importance as technology has begun to show signs of taking over the real world by encouraging people to engage in virtual relationships. A mode of interacting that does nothing to help improve our society because people hide behind the cloak of anonymity in it. At present, technology stands as the enemy of education as people tend to misuse the available technology in an effort to undermine others in our society. But a reconstructionist educational platform will be geared towards using technology in the advancement of the brotherhood of men. It will in effect, create a new school of thought that will a llow people to create a more peaceful and open minded society in the future.

Business and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business and Society - Essay Example Every company has got a certain number of stakeholders who play a crucial role in the growth of the company. Therefore the companies should make serious attempts to make sure that the stakeholders can also have a good growth and have good economic and social conditions. I believe that the laws that are been made by the different governments of different countries focusing on the welfare of the human beings and the society are to be followed by the company strictly so that they don’t face any kind of legal obligations. The stakeholders for the company are owners, suppliers, customers, local community, employees and management. But I think increase in welfare of the stakeholders is possible only when the cycle is been completed that is the company also in return does help the stakeholders in their growth and for having a good and happy life. The owners of the company give their money and have financial stake in the company in the form of stocks and bonds and they also expect that they get some kind of financial return from the corporation as well (Freeman, 2005). The employees do give their best and work efficiently for the growth of the company but in return they also look for a good salary and also want to avail some good facilities which can help them in having a good and comfortable life. The company should look to take care of the safety and health of the employees and also of their families. It should provide good educational facilities for the children’s of the employees. I can see that if the company provides such facilities to the employees than the employees feel motivated to work more eff iciently. For any company the suppliers do play a big role as they are the one who supply good quality materials to the company helping them in producing good quality products for the customers. So the company should always make attempts to see that the suppliers also keep growing along with the company and they also

Decrease childhood obesity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Decrease childhood obesity - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, the study has it that child obesity can lead to depression and poor self-esteem. Statistically, according to US’s department of health, there is a dramatic increase in number of children suffering from obesity. Considerably, it is noted that almost ten percent of children aged four and five are overweight, and the above number is double to that of twenty years ago. The research argues that obesity is a gender related disorder where, girls are the ones who suffer obesity more compared to boys. It is agreed that childhood obesity is an alarming disorder that needs immediate action. Therefore, to decrease childhood obesity, it is pertinent for all schools in the US to incorporate salad bars into the children’s lunch program. In so doing, those children will be able to access fresh vegetables and fruits, which in turn will develop healthier life from long eating habits (Linsley, Kane, & Owen, 2011.p.81). This essay tactically illustrates the policy recommendations for obesity in children, obesity regulations program and the US federal laws, assumptions and pertinent secondary recommendations to mention but a few, all converging to the childhood obesity issue. ... Although the shift may seem small, the size of the sample collected for the study makes it significant. Notably it is unbelievable to realize that each percent stated above points for almost 26,700 in the population study, which are either extremely obese or no longer obese. Forcibly, the Obama’s administration involving in the fight for obesity in children shows the severity of the disease among the US children who live in poverty. First lady Obama Michele has tirelessly fought the eradication of poverty through her message involving not only healthier diet but also physical activities. According to recent research, it is pertinent to note that the new trends in obesity levels indicate a modest progress of prevention of obesity in young children. The above study is pertinent for the implications of health risks for extreme obesity and obesity in young children. Therefore, the above passage outlines the importance of tackling obesity in children by the US government. It is evi dent that obesity can to some extent affect the young US generation undesired diseases that were supposedly to be for adults. Policy Recommendations for childhood obesity Controlling and preventing childhood obesity requires a multifaceted and wide programs staged by the communities as well as formulation of policies where parent will play a vital or critical roles. Pertinently one of the important elements that can regulate obesity involves the parents. Here, the children’s behaviors are affected by the eating habits of the parents, level of education as well as physical education. According to the study, it is noted that parents are role models and they influence to some extend the physical

Literature review and annotated and bibliography Essay

Literature review and annotated and bibliography - Essay Example The book basically introduces the reader to relevant ethical issues and concepts that go a long way in assisting in business decisions. In addition the book provides a basis for identification of morals in specific business. It provides a constructive understanding to aspects such as technology adoption, social issues and environmental concerns that may arise in a business situation. It also provides the reader with case studies that offer relevant examples to conflicts that face business. The book ethics gives a comprehensive look into business code and conduct of operations in a set up different from the normal book as it examine different issues giving arguments from each side in a rigor and clarified manner to the reader. Boatright in his book looked at finance as a key aspect in business. He brought out a thought that ethical and legal aspects should be addressed in caring out financial activities as it is a proper guide to success in business. In his book he has cited an array of examples and case studies that aid in class stimulation I discussion. It gives relevant uses of the ethical theory in an easy to understand approach. It has fourth- seven fully illustrated case studies on a variety of issues on ethical decision making in business. The book also gives a legal framework and background relevant to different ethical issues in business. Lesson from financial crisis by Kolb R.W brings together the world leading minds in the finance arena in an academic perspective to critically analyze the crisis. This book gives the story from three points of view the current global crisis in terms of law and regulations, the impending financial crisis and the future that we expect of the current situation. The book gives an examination of the market collapse in a detailed form and explores safeguards and measures to be enforced to curtail a repeat of the situation. Kold in his study of the collapse of the market and the

International Trade & Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Trade & Institutions - Essay Example Despite the massive decrease of global investment, China and the United Kingdom (UK) remained to be amongst the expected countries that would continue to deliver growth in their FDI investment (Ernst & Young, 2008). Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd, a Chinese-based company is one the successful foreign companies that entered the UK market. In fact, some of the leading telecom suppliers in UK has been exceeded by Hauwei in terms of market share and revenue growth, which made the company the â€Å"crouching tiger in the UK market† (Blackman, 2010). The main purpose of this paper is to study a certain firm that is involved in FDI and developed an international business opportunity encompassing: business opportunity analysis, environmental analysis, competitive analysis, and strategic analysis. Huawei Technologies (UK) Co., Ltd. Huawei Co. Ltd. is one of the leading telecommunication suppliers since 1988 founded by Ren Zhengfei. Huawei, a private company is currently serving 45 out of 50 leading telecoms operators worldwide and has operations in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. The company offers wide range of products and services such as radio access network, application and software, network solutions, broadband services, transport network facilities, storage and network security services, professional and traditional services, and devices (MarketLine, 2010a). Hauwei is in the special field of research and development (R&D) and they are highly dependent on their overseas markets that contributed 65% of their revenue growth (Griffin, 2007). Every year, the company allocated at least 10% of their annual sale in R&D for this bestowed them a competitive advantage. Huawei also â€Å"took the no. 2 position in the global mobile network gear market in the third quarter, almost doubling its market share from a year ago and surpassing Nokia Siemens† (Virki, 2009). In the global setting, the company’s success is very cruci al considering that the competition is severe; however, they still manage to transcend other telecom providers in areas of optical network (rank 4), DSL (rank 2), next generation network (NGN) (rank 2), and switching network (rank 1) (Wu & Zhao, 2007, p.188). The international market has been attractive to Huawei considering that their domestic sales have been surpassed by their overseas sales. Currently, the company’s revenue is 149,059 million (33%) with an operating profit of 21,052 million (33%), and 21,741 (40%) for cash flow from operating activities (see figure 1). Business Opportunity Analysis A. Advantages underlying the opportunity. According to Lim Chee Siong, Huawei South-Pacific Region Chief Marketing Officer (n.d.), â€Å"We foresee broad market development opportunities in mobile and home broadband networks, fixed mobile convergence, business operation support systems, and smart devices† (cited in Huawei, 2010). The development of broadband in UK for 201 0 is a big opportunity for the company in order to expand its market share and revenue by collaborating and cooperating with UK’s fastest growing operators for broadband access. Based on the company’s SWOT analysis (see figure 2), the growing demand and adoption of broadband (mobile and home) in UK is among the new international business venture that Huawei could undertake. Aside from the

Training Assessment Essay Example for Free

Training Assessment Essay Any business needs an amount of risk and determination to succeed. Business and companies exist within society and society prescribe behavior norm as to what is expected from this financial group. (Reynolds) Creating a balance between financial, environmental and societal growth is a difficult task but is very critical if one company would like to make sure that they are to stay for a long time in the market. Productivity within a team needs to be established for this is critical regarding the success of a company. Work related goals must be set and let the employees be aware of these and how it could be achieved. A company lay down factors or guidelines for their services and manpower in order for them to gauge if they met their goals or if there is a problem within and how to address it. There are factors that need to be considered when one company tries to check if its service and manpower are able to meet the goals and objective set. Each level of manpower has their own criteria in evaluating their work. Performance evaluation could not be an all uniform assessment because of the difference in workload and capacities of each profession. The criteria may be different but there could be similarity in the values that are being asked for any profession, it will just vary on the intensity that is being asked for each value used as a criterion. All results have their corresponding actions or appraisal depending on their needs as dictated by the result. Rewards and punishments play an important role in determining how an employee does his job. Management should let their team mates know about the rewards that they could get depending on their performances; this could motivate them to work harder and improve. Punishments and discipline should be effective. One way of making sure that this is effective is being fair in giving punishments to those who have faults, no favoritism in the part of the supervisor. This would make them feel that they are working in as a team and that they are responsible for their action and their teammates as well. An employee must be reinforced in doing the right thing at the right time. Management must determine on why there is that specific team and their role in the company must be made aware as for them to know how they would properly function. There are a lot of things that needs to be taught to ensure that productivity is being met by the team. Some of them are stages of team development storming, forming, norming, performing; team roles team leader, scribe, and process observer. Consensus decision making is a critical skill that one needs to develop. (Howardell, 2004) Employees’ benefits, like health benefits, should be given on time and in accordance with the law to make them feel that they are being taken cared of and that they are important beings for the company and not treated as just mere workers. It must be understood that everyone has a life outside of the business or company. It would help if employees could be felt that we superiors are aware of it and that are more than willing to do something about creating a balance between work and private life. It must be understood that everyone has a life outside of the business or company. It would help if employees could be felt that superiors are aware of it and that are more than willing to do something about creating a balance between work and private life. Communication is a two way process. A good supervisor must be an active listener and should encourage feedback. He should be able to identify what are communication barriers and what is the common cause of misunderstanding within their system. He must also know when to use effectively oral or written communications. Winnet gave four vital steps in effective communication, in order to create a harmonious relationship between the boss and the worker. The four steps that he discusses were Attention, Apprehension, Assimilation and Action. If we would like that our message would reach the receiver, we have to make sure that we have the other person’s full attention as possible as it could be. Distractions must be avoided and genuine respect should be shown so that each will understand the other. Winnet paralleled apprehension with understanding. He suggested that there must be a free flow of input from the receiver to ensure that the right level of understanding is achieved. Merely understanding the message is not enough, this is where Assimilation plays a crucial function. It must be ensured that the information was assimilated in the own being of the receiver. It was also stipulated that this could go a long way to be definite about active participation, and harmonious cooperation, in the workplace. (Winnet) The final step for an effective communication according to Winnet, is Action. It is not enough that he message was conveyed, supervisors has to make sure that something was done by the receiver as to what message was conveyed. Body language plays an important role in how we communicate for success. We have to be careful on how we convey messages; we might be saying something that our movements are not backing up. If one would like his peers to believe him and respect him, a leader must have consistency in his dealings and use non verbal cues to maintain his stature and validity of the messages that he gives. Assessing one program’s effectiveness is crucial to its success. Reference: Howardell, Doug. (2004). Seven Skills of a Highly Productive Workforce. ACA Group. September 16, 2006. http://www.theacagroup.com/improveproductivity.htm Reynolds, Andrew. (2006). Process, power, culture and ethics. Lecture notes acquired June 03,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2006. Understand the Business Communication Process. September 16, 2006. http://www.isi elearning.com/content/content_display.cfm/datakey/3/seqnumber_content/70.htm Winnet, Azriel. Communicating Effectively in the Workplace: Four Essential Steps. September 16, 2006. http://hodu.com/business-communication.shtml

The Documentary The Times Of Harvey Milk Film Studies Essay

The Documentary The Times Of Harvey Milk Film Studies Essay The documentary The Times of Harvey Milk and Michelle Teas memoir Valencia offer insight into the experiences and attitudes of San Franciscos gay and lesbian communities at two different moments in the citys history. Consider Harvey milks and Michelle Teas backgrounds, the issues they faced, their feelings about the possibility of change, and the spirit or mood of the times in which they lived. How do you think they each felt about San Francisco, and how does that affect your sense of the city. Answering the questions by Comparing and contrasting backgrounds of Harvey and Michelle, and discussing the different issues or obstacles they faced of the career decisions they made and personal issue which led them to ultimately different paths. Also answering by considering the twos feelings about the possibility of change in the future and the changes that they proceed to make; and lastly discuss the mood of the times in which they lived and the era issues which they faced. All will offer insight into the experiences and attitudes of San Franciscos gay and lesbian communities at its separate moments in history. Michelle teas back ground is somewhat similar to that of Harvey milks background from how they both migrated to San Francisco and both came from a normal nucleus families, but are different from the lifestyles they choose. Michelle tea is originally from Chelsea, Massachusetts or Boston which she referenced in Valencia, she was born in the 70s and had both her parent when she was growing up, lived in a predominantly heterosexual society, and choose to come to San Francisco to discover her sexuality. Career wise she didnt have the drive often growing tired of her jobs which led to her getting fired or quitting. In her own word she states, I was irresponsible, had no work ethic, was raised by parents who called in sick regular as weekends, (Tea 200:43). Michelles misfortunes in the work force led her to become a sex worker. Her personality background information is she is an intense, passionate loving person who can be loyal and dedicated said in another quote. I had ceased to care. My love for her was religious, it was patriotic; like god or country it was something I pledged myself to in service of something huge and perfect that I was honored to have anything to do with. (Tea 2000:45) To classify what kind of lesbian Michelle tea is I would put her in the category of being Lip-gloss Lesbian similar to a femme lesbian, but a little less feminine. She may still do manly things like watch sports and in the case of Michelle chug 40oz beers while still displaying feminine qualities. A lip-gloss lesbian is just as similar to the girl-next-door that everybody loves; who wont be viewed as hot, but cute still being able to attract men and women. She has her own sense of style i.e. looking at the outfits described in the story (Tea 2000). The lip-gloss lesbian are mostly attracted to feminine lesbians, and sometimes butch lesbians like Michelle being attracted to Wilma and Iris with her motorcycle. Harvey milks early background begins being born and raised in Woodmere, New York came from a great family and lived in a society that condoned homosexuality so he kept up a facade his whole life to avoid persecution(Epstein: 1984). Similar to Michelle Tea because he to left his home to come out of the closet in the safe environment of San Francisco gay community but during the beginning of the migrations and of the gay communitys (Epstein: 1984). Different from Michelles background was his apparent success he maintains during his employment career he had a lot of jobs being a high school teacher, diving officer, working at an insurance firm, a Wall Street firm and finally becoming a business owner of a camera store(Epstein: 1984). The background of Harvey personality was stated in the documentary that he was a friendly and outgoing person whod go out of his way for people he didnt even know(Epstein: 1984). Even with the good aspects of his personality he had bad aspects was stated that sometimes Harvey was known to throw childish temper tantrums when he didnt get his way (Epstein: 1984). Im not sure how to categories his sexual background in terms of homosexuality probably in the middle of a dominant (butch) and submissive (femme) homosexual. The Issues Harvey and Michelle faced where sever but of different types. Harvey issues were discrimination based on sexual orientation (Briggs initiative) and Government interference in private sexual matters mainly Police persecution of gay establishments like bars, bathhouse and others in San Francisco (Miller 67:1994). Apparently Oral sex was consider a felony, and during the 1970, almost 90Â  people in San Francisco were arrested for the act, such persecution was so severe that homosexuals Faced eviction if they were caught having homosexual sex in a rented apartment (Miller 67:1994). Homosexual men were embarrassed and unwilling to face arrest in gay bars and other establishments, so they turned to having sex in public parks at night (Miller75:1994). Author Neil Miller of the history of gay and lesbian states that, In 1971, over 2,800Â  gay men were caught and arrested for having public sex in San Francisco parks. Compared with New York City who recorded only 63 arrests for th e same offense that year and was at the time the current record holder and had the largest population; therefore Any arrest for such a lewd public charge required immediate registration as a sex offender(miller 77:1994). Issues that Michelle Tea faced was more personal and some of the issues involved where a major problem during her time period. The personal issue was her employment issue of holding down jobs and figuring what she wanted to do or more like she wanted to work less and make a quick buck. She chooses to take an easy route of selling her body for money as most women did. She personally struggled to come to terms of being a prostitute, I could whore. I had done it, vowed I would never do it again because it was so gross and weird. (Tea 2000:46) The community issues of her time were the problems of drugs and sex causing people to contract STDs, overdosing off of drugs and depression people suffer from resulting in them committing suicide. Considering Michelle Tea and mainly Harvey Milks feelings about the possibility of change for the future is that Michelle made no reference to change that had no desire at the moment and Harvey Milk who had a grand vision for ideas to change the future (Epstein 1984). Only reference of change that took place in Michelle teas life was who she virtually slept with. Harvey Milk change ultimately came when he took up in the involvement in political and civic matters. When Harvey came up against civic problems and policies he disliked; he felt it was his duty to change the problems for the betterment of the people (Epstein 1984). One incident infuriated him about politics when a teacher came into his camera store and asked if a projector could be loaned to him/her because the equipment in the schools were malfunctioning (Shilts 88:1982). Harvey believing it should be city assemblys main priority rather than anything else. Milk decided that the time had come to run for city supervisor He s aid later, I finally reached the point where I knew I had to become involved or shut up (Shilts 67:1982). One the first change Harvey felt need to be put into effect was he and other gay business owners needed better representation , as a result founded the Castro Village Association, as milk as the president using the philosophy that gays should buy from gay businesses(Epstein 1984). This was the result of when two gay men tried to open a business and the Eureka Valley Merchants Association (EVMA) attempted to block them from receiving their business license and also discriminating towards selling to gays (Epstein 1984). The community changes that Harvey initiated caused non gay citizens and the non gays business owners to stop discriminating against gays or to move out, creating what is known as the predominately gay community of the Castro today(Epstein 1984). Milk had failed many times in his election for a bid in san Francisco politics he had shown great leadership in the small community of Castro District (Epstein 1984). Harvey felt he was starting to be taken seriously as a candidate but not serious enough and decided to run again for supervisor with a different approach (Epstein 1984). He reconsidered the approach of looking more professional as he used to look back as his day as a stock broker and cut his long hair, stop smoking marijuana, and started to wear business suits again. Harvey Milks new approach earned him the support of the teamsters, firefighters, and construction unions (Epstein 1984). Harvey changed his Castro Camera from a small rinky dink shop to become the center of activity in the neighborhood (Epstein 1984). Milks fiery, flamboyant speeches and savvy media skills earned him a significant amount of press during the 1973 election. He earned 16,900Â  votes-sweeping the Castro District and other liberal neighborhoods and coming in 10th place out of 32Â  candidates (Shilts 67:1982). One of Harveys last changes was the possible manipul ation of reorganizing to allow districts to elect their own supervisors which allow him to win a seat on City assembly (Epstein 1984). The spirit of the mood of the city during the times of Harvey milk and Michelle Tea were different because they were set in different time periods. The mood of the city was more radical for both of them because of the 60s radical change or revolution. During Harveys time 10 years after the 60s, the mood of the city was just starting to unravel it was the 70s and San Francisco was becoming the hotspot for or destination for homosexuality. Thousands upon millions of gay men and women were migrating to San Francisco to openly express their sexuality (Epstein 1984). Also during the time of Harvey the spirit or the mood of San Francisco was probably a lot raunchier and sexually open because they did not quite know about AIDS and the repercussion of unsafe sex. The Castro the main gay community was just starting to get its beginnings and was being fought for. Michelle Teas era of San Francisco was probably based in the late 90s as of the reference she made of crack cocaine, Where is Waldo, and finally the reference about O.J Simpson that was a clear giveaway. The mood of San Francisco was that of awareness because of the AIDS and other STD epidemics going around people werent as raunchy or having polygamous sexual relationships. The gay community also had its issues with drugs; suffering already from heroin which was already around since the 70s in the Castro but with the invention of crack cocaine, Methamphetamine and the rise in popularity of powder cocaine effectively altered the mood of San Francisco gay environment. The Castro during the 90s was by Michelles time a predominately gay community with its own businesses and residents. I believed that Michelle Tea and Harvey Milk each felt or thought about San Francisco as a safe haven for their sexuality were they could openly express their homosexuality and not be persecuted Because in the environment they were in everyone was gay; if not people learned to accept their homosexuality for what it was. This reinforces my view of the city as being open minded and liberal giving me a sense of pride of being a native in such an almost free place.

Determining Magnitudes of Calibration Stars

Determining Magnitudes of Calibration Stars SN 2014J in M82: Follow-Up Photometry Aims and Objectives This laboratory involved using photometry of the images of M28 which were obtained in R and I filters from ULO’s robotic telescope, hence determined the magnitudes of calibration stars and the new discovered supernova. In addition, compare the experimental results to the published AAVSO data by investigating the time series of data within the night of 23rd and 24th of January. Introduction Supernova are basically the explosion of massive supergiant star when they are reaching the end of their evolution. In general, supernovae can be classified as type I and type II supernova, each of them has its own specific features and dynamics. Type Ia supernova are generally thought to a white dwarf explosion and type II supernova are triggered by a core collapse of massive supergiant stars. Astronomers use type Ia supernova as a â€Å"standard candle† to measure the cosmic distances because they are very bright which can be seen at great distances and they all are observed to have similar brightness at their peaks. Light curve is one of the methods that astronomers use to identify different types of supernova. It is constructed by plotting the magnitude of the supernova as a function of time after the event of explosion. Type I supernova have very distinctive light curve compare to type II supernova. The figure bellow shows that type I supernova light curves exhibit a sharp increase to a maxima and then decrease steeply, eventually die away smoothly and gradually whereas type II supernova have less sharp peaks at their maxima and they have another peak later on after the first peak. (From hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu) Supernova SN2014J was discovered in the galaxy M82 on 21st January 2014 at ULO. Early studies of SN2014J light curve and spectrum indicate it is a type Ia supernova meaning that its light curve would have a peak absolute magnitude around the same value and it follows the general shape of type Ia light curve. In the laboratory, we can determine the magnitude of the supernova and plot the result to AAVSO database to see if it fits the published data and follow the trend of typical type Ia supernova light curves, whence to predict the peak brightness and its magnitude. Procedures I first downloaded and printed out the list of standard stars’ magnitudes from the AAVSO website which was used for reference throughout the laboratory. I also obtained the subset of the images of M82 from ULO’s robotic system by selecting only Rc and Ic filter’s image as well as the time range from 21:29 to 21:35 on the date of 23rd of January 2014. These images were opened and analysed with GAIA’s aperture photometry tool. I analysed the Ic images first in GAIA. Before making any magnitude measurements of stars, the brightest stars were checked to make sure they were not saturated and all the given star in AAVSO list don’t have peak count over 40000 counts. These must be done to get reliable results. In order to measure the magnitude, a suitable aperture needed to be drawn on the image and it should be in the size about two to three times the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of a star image. By using the slice tool, a graph of the selected star was opened in a new window where the FWHM could be measured. Determined FWHM of several listed stars and calculated the mean value, hence the aperture was set to three times the size of FWHM. When the aperture was set to a suitable size, I clicked the â€Å"define object aperture† button and placed the aperture to stars in the same order as they appeared in the AAVSO reference data. At last, dropped the aperture in supernova as well. After all, I collected my results by clicking on â€Å"Calculate results† button. These results were then save in a excel file for further analysis. Repeat the same procedures for Rc images and also save all the results in the same excel file. Measurements and results Calculated FWHM for making the judgement of the size of aperture: FWHM of star 112 = 178-174=4 FWHM of star 120 = 548-544=4 mean of FWHM = 4 size of aperture = 3 x 4 =12 Thus, I set the aperture as size 12 and placed it to each star to make a measurement. On my downloaded images for both Ic and Rc filter, star 155 and star 159 did not appear on them which lead to no measurements were taken from them. Results of Ic image and Rc image were tabulated in table 1 and table 2. Table 1. Results of Ic image Table 2. Results of Rc image Both of the tables have their first column listing all the known standard star from the reference data and supernova is also included. The column with heading of Sky is the values of sky annulus which are used to measure local background sky values for each star. And the last column is the signal from a star which is used to calculate magnitude and constant k of the star as well as the supernova. To estimate the magnitude of supernova, several calculations were carried out by using the equation: m = -2.5log N +k (1) The constant k was first calculated from known reference stars on the list and hence the mean value of constant k for both Ic and Rc imgaes. Then both Ic and Rc apparent magnitude of supernova were determined. All these values were tabulated in table 3 and associated uncertainties showed in table 4. Uncertainties on k and apparent magnitude were obtained by using the following equation: Ntot = N x n x 2.53 (2) Where N is the signal obtained from an average of n images, and 2.53 is called the ‘gain’ of the CCD. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  m2 ≈ 1.1/√Ntot (3) Where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  m2 is the error in magnitudes in measurement of the star signal And finally, the combined uncertainty becomes: (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  mSN)2 = (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  k)2 + (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  m2)2 (4) Table 3. Results of calculated magnitude and constant k for both Ic and Rc imgaes Table 4. Uncertainties 4.3 Q5. Compare table 3 and the reference list, we can see that there is no obvious trend for constant k (both Ic and Rc) varies for standard star colours as well as standard-star magnitude. In the reference list, standard star colours such as B, V and B-V increase in their values following the order of the stars from 106 to 156, however, values of constant k fluctuates with different values of star colours but not follow any increasing or decreasing trend. Discussions and Conclusions This laboratory is to analyse and make magnitude measurements of the known stars from images of M28 which were obtained in R and I filters from ULO’s robotic telescope by using the aperture photometry tool, hence determined the magnitudes of the new discovered supernova. At the end of the laboratory, experimental results were plot in the light curves from AAVSO data so we can investigate the time series of data within the night of 23rd and 24th of January and more importantly, to predict the time that the supernova reach peak brightness and magnitude when Rc and Ic images were taken. Table 6. Results of magnitude both Rc and Ic by different students. 4.4 Q1. Table 6 shows all the laboratory results obtained by different groups of students. My calculated results for the Ic and Rc magnitude of supernova in the time range 21:29—21:35 are 10.04 +/- 0.02 and 10.54 +/- 0.03 respectively. Compare my results with those obtained by other students, I cannot conclude that out results are not consistence because the uncertainty for my Ic and Rc magnitude are +/-0.02 and +/- 0.03, but the difference in magnitude between students is about +/-0.1 which is not within my uncertainty range, thus the results did not maintain the consistency. 4.4 Q2. Because the great consistency of the results obtained from different groups of students, we can say the magnitude of the supernova is around the similar value at the time the images were taken. There is no obvious trend observed for the magnitude to change with time during that night, also, the condition of the sky was thought to be not vey ideal, thus the we cannot conclude that there is a change in brightness at the night of 23rd January to 24th January 2014. However, from the general shape of light curves of supernova, there should be obvious brightness change before and after peak. So, more reliable results should be obtained for plenty of nights to detect the change in brightness. 4.3.1 Q4. Table 4 listed majority of the uncertainties that can possibly be calculated from my results. They are relatively small compare to the large values of my results. However, there were also systematic uncertainties arising from the measurement of the background galaxy light. This is related to the size of annulus when I did the aperture measurements. The annulus is used to measure the background of the sky by drawing a larger circle and a smaller circle around the centre of the star. The background is therefore the region between these two apertures or the annulus. If the aperture is oversized, extra light from neighbour stars will be included which can cause unreliable results of the measurement as it introduces noise from the sky background, thus the signal strength from the star fluctuates as well. To check this uncertainty, I adjust the inner scale and the outer scale of the annulus to make some measurements of a star. The results were tabulated in table 5. Table 5. Results of aperture measurement with different size of annulus By trying different set of inner and outer annulus scales, the signals were very different to the one I obtained in the first stage. To mitigate them, multiple aperture with different size within the range about 2 to 3 times the FWHM can be used to make more measurement. This would give a more reliable signal strength of the star. Figure 1. Light curve of SN2014J from AAVSO with own data plotted Figure 1 is the light curve that I downloaded from AAVSO for SN 2014J with my results plotted on. My results for Ic and Rc magnitude were plotted in blue and yellow respectively. My data actually fits the AAVSO data, both of the magnitude are on the light curves at the same time on the night. We can spot that there is a trend from the AAVSO data from the same night at ULO. Both of I and R light curves show an increase in magnitude with change in time meaning that the supernova was brightening during the night at 23rd of January 2014. As mentioned previously in introduction, the shape of typical supernova Ia light curves exhibit a sharp increase to a maxima and then decrease steeply, eventually die away smoothly and gradually. Combine this information to the plot from AAVSO, there is a sharp increase from 17th to 23rd of January, and the magnitude gradually increase until reach its peak at around the date of 29th to 30th of January, and even the data is up to 4th February, we still can observe that there is a slight decrease in magnitude after 31th of January. We can say the magnitude at peak is about 9.5 for Ic and 10 for Rc. Throughout the whole observation, colour dependent extinction were not allowed by the Earth’s atmosphere. Basically, the extinction effect varies from night to night and the coefficient of extinction depends on wavelength and on different altitude. As the data was obtained from just one night, the extinction should not vary too much and for the wavelength dependent, different filter needed to be used to maintain a good accuracy of photometry, in this case, red and invisible filter were used. And the extinction is corrected by calculating the magnitudes outside the atmosphere. This can be the reason to cause the fluctuation of our measured magnitudes. In conclusion, I got the magnitude of SN2014J in Ic and Rc filter are 10.04 +/- 0.02 and 10.54 +/- 0.03 respectively within the time range 21:29—21:35 on the night of 23rd of January 2014. These data exactly follow the trend of the light curves of SN2014J obtained by AAVSO website at the same night. However, results gathered from other student in the same group didn’t show an obvious change in brightness of the supernova whereas the light curve did show that there is an increase in magnitude on the same date. References: American Association of Variable Star Observers AAVSO (2014) [Online] Available from http://www.aavso.org/ [Accessed: 11th February 2014] Aperturephotometry (2004) [Online] Available from http://mth.uct.ac.za/~lab/chap6/chap6/node3.html [Accessed: 11th February 2014] R Nave, HyperPhysics 2001 [Online] Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/snovcn.html [Accessed: 19th February 2014] Megan Gannon, How Students Discovered New Supernova in Nearby Galaxy (2014) [Online] lightAvailable from http://www.space.com/24413-supernova-star-explosion-student-discovery.html [Accessed: 19th February 2014] American Association of Variable Star Observers AAVSO (2014) [Online] Available from http://www.aavso.org/ [Accessed: 11th February 2014] Steve Fossey, PHAS1130 Practical Skill 1A SN 2014J in M82: Follow-up Photometry Manuals Shaoshan Zeng

Dangerous Ground :: essays research papers

Dillion said, â€Å"Goodbye, me old son.† His hand found the silenced Walther at his waistband under the tunic at his back, it swung up and he fired twice, each bullet striking Marco in the heart and driving him back. We can see from the previous, that the novel, On Dangerous Ground, is not your average book. On the contrary, it’s the opposite, because it’s filled with murder, betrayal, and lies. This suspenseful novel has a great plot, intriguing characters, and is recommended for young and old adults. To clarify, the plot is about a secret document called the Chungking Covenant. This document was signed by Mao Tse-Tung and could extend British rule over China by one hundred years. However, the document disappeared in a plane crash on flight from China to London. Now as Hong Kong prepares to be restored to China, England’s prime minister learns of its existence. In spite of this, the Mafia is looking for the document, to have leverage over their operations in Hong Kong. Now the British Intelligence is willing to do anything, so they can stop the Mafia and so the world’s delicate balance of power isn’t destroyed. Well, that’s the plot and it might not seem interesting at first, but the story builds and becomes more exciting by the page.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Meanwhile, another very intriguing feature in this novel are the characters. For example, Sean Dillion sounds like a cold-blooded person because he worked for different terrorist and government organizations. Many times his work included bombing places and killing people. However, the good side of him was that he never killed women or children. Likewise, another great character is Asta Morgan. She seems like a charming girl who only knows about having a peaceful life. But actually she’s a heartless woman who killed her own mother and tricked Dillion. In light of this, these two characters are intriguing, because they change throughout the novel and it’s hard to anticipate their next move.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, as you may know, there are books that are fantasy or action, but you can’t put a label on this book. The reason for this is because it doesn’t stretch your imagination too far or too little. For instance, in the beginning of the book, Dillion shoots two armed men and looks to be unstoppable. However, suddenly a woman armed with a knife repeatedly stabs him in the back. The effect of this was Dillion barely surviving a four-hour surgery and having to recuperate for six months.

Black Americans Struggle in Baldwins Stranger in the Village :: Stranger Village Baldwin Essays

Black Americans' Struggle in Baldwin's Stranger in the Village In ?Stranger in the Village? (1955), James Baldwin, a writer born and raised in Harlem, experiences extreme emotions during his stay in a 'tiny Swiss village'(127). James Baldwin?s feelings of inadequacy and insecurities of being an American black man bring out a rage in him toward the white man's power over him. His deep feelings of outrage, bringing back hurtful memories as a black child in America, are revived as he is forced to endure the unintentional cruelties of the villagers. Baldwin asserts that even the most simple-minded white man has more control and history over Baldwin than Baldwin's desire to reclaim his culture. As his outrage mounts, Baldwin admits that the black man intends to make the white man stop acknowledging him as an 'exotic rarity and recognize him as a human being'(131). Baldwin further reveals he is tired of getting looked at with curiosity and deception; he desperately yearns to be accepted as an American man. Furthermore, Baldwin's anguish at the loss of the American Negro slave's history, as it was taken away from them, enrages and saddens him, yet he doesn't truly blame the white man because the white Americans were only following in the footsteps of the Europeans of the past. In this context, from Baldwin's perspective, Europeans experienced no dilemma of cons cience towards the black man, and he just 'did not exist for Europe'(132). Americans, on the other hand, faced a moral conflict to recognize the black man?s identity without poisoning their own (133). Despite his rage and aggressive support of the black man?s struggle in America, he strove for humane treatment in a racist society. Baldwin sought to bring about acceptance and a better future for black Americans and having feelings of inadequacy and insecurity determined him to bring change to America: ?This world is white no longer, and it will never be white again?(135). This statement is not meant to be taken at face value.

Kate Chopin as a Feminist Writer

Kate Chopin is a feminist writer in the sense that she vigorously advocated and hankered after female spiritual liberation. She did not emphasize her beliefs and conceptions in her writings but she has taken into account the ideas of feminine individualism and personal autonomy at the start of twentieth century. Her feminist approach was quite different from the contemporary feminist writers who primarily concerned about the social elevation of women but she craved an understanding of individual sovereignty by penetrating into the conventional needs and wants in the male domain of social life. Helen Taylor proposes, â€Å"†¦shared her concerns with questions of sexuality, bourgeois marriage and woman's role (p.157). All these facets of women life is comprehensively discussed by her.Moreover, Chopin’s idea of feminist emancipation is not limited and of debase nature. Her approach is not restricted to physical liberation but she broadened it to intellectual as well socio-p olitical autonomy. She was of the view that psychological and intellectual emancipation is the primary requisite that would bring forward the social and physical freedom.Social standing of females was a favourite subject to the writers at the start of 20th century. Society was dominated by patriarchy, male chauvinism and supremacy whereas women were perceived as fragile and dependant. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† Kate Chopin manifests these themes by means of imagery and characterization. She had enough literary skills and intellectual strength to express these ideas in her writings at a time when writing about these issues was considered a taboo. In her anthology, she clearly illustrate that women are quite accomplished at showing strength and independence. Chopin skilfully utilizes imagery and vigour of her female characters to track female pains to flee from the debase character that societal compulsions have mandated to agree to. She takes into account their pathos and miseries implying that social compulsions are profound, rooted into the intellectual and institutional make-up of human beings and thus can not be easily swayed.In the leading story of her anthology, The Story of An Hour, she begins with portraying the socio-psychological afflictions of her protagonist, Louise. She describes her as â€Å"afflicted with a heart trouble† (Chopin, 170), symbolizing the feebleness and fragility attributed to females at the turn of the last century. But as the story progresses, her characterization turns from feebleness to potent one. For example, when her sister discloses death of her husband in â€Å"†¦veiled hints that revealed in half concealing† (Chopin, 170), she shows strength. Her relief at the news further manifest the fulfilment of her longing for emancipation, both physical and psychological. Contemporary society and reader do not presuppose this outcome i.e. a woman being capable of dealing with such ruthless realities of life, due to their pre-conceived notions. But Louise thinks that â€Å"There would be no powerful will bending her in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow creature† (Chopin, 172).All short stories in the anthology give an idea about the social particularly male response to each difficult situation that a woman faces. Society is too myopic that it only takes a stereotypical view of the situation. To remove or minimize the stereotypical effect, Chopin instigates a elementary change in her disposition as society fixes firmly to its typecasts, disinclined to admit change easily.ReferencesChopin, Kate. The awakening and other stories. New York, Holt, Rinehart and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Winston. 1970.Taylor, Helen. Gender, Race and Region in the Writing of Grace King, Ruth McEnery  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stuart and Kate Chopin. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State UP, 1989

Football And Difficulty Of Using It For Development Education Essay

Footb each(prenominal)(a) is our National sportsman. It hind end be bring in exclusively t honest-to-goodness told countries of society, from reflexion unrecorded coer condemnation of endorses to acquiring up to the minute intelligence on the to a abundanter finish athletic contentions channels on Television, to reading studies, abbreviation and narratives in our red-hots paper. It is a moot signalize in numerous bars, links and schools up and t go forth ensemblewheremaster the state alwaysy hebdomad. We expect integrated its nomenclature into our linguistic communication and for some, it whoremaster live with to many a insomniac dark.It gives intending and provides individuality for a infinite kind of multitude. Due to its obvious influence on society, many athleticss ad miniskirtstrations direct see football impale naughty non plown(prenominal)ly as a cheer but the ideal tool to hire and develop persons, groups and communities as well as. Many companies promptly employment football as a cheat to help social comprehension, equality, authorization, to cut take in offense and erupt wellness. Meanwhile, the administrations who, drama, govern and order the athletics, in the flesh of the football tie-in ( FA ) , clubs two nonrecreational and unpaid, the FA Premier confederacy and educational establishments, ar foc affaird on exploitation people to play or train the game in its many competitory scenes.Although the athletics generates a extensive sum of enthusiasm, utilizing football as a victimisation tool can stoop kayoed to be a slimly complicated. Many companies and administrations atomic number 18 utilizing football for lawsuit that could be construed as selfish, and this brings an air of contradiction to what the FA atomic number 18 intenting to get hold of. For illustration in their cartroad to happen and develop the following George Best, Trevor Francis, Gary Lineker or G atomic number 18th Bale, Professional order may form a really different schedule to state a community group, who are stick tonceing at utilizing football as a device to link with marginalised puerile people . Much is the same with unskilled grassroots nines whose boss aim is to better populace show. These nines would no uncertainty combat to happen the common land with administrations nerve-wracking to authorise sportsmen/women with impediments. These issues are non uncommon in the football house nurse , and as a consequence, football festering has be find a widely debated conductic.This does nt intend that nil verifying has conform to from the figure done by the administrations implicated. However, as football dramas such an of signification portion in our civilization, it is of minute to generalize the political relations and concern familiaritys of those concerned with the athletics before anyone can come to any existent decisions about the strength it has to offer as an effectual fair for the development of athleticss or societal intercession. over the stick out 20 old ages at that place has been an inflow of books, paperss and studies that reflect the more serious side of football and its pertain on society. This dates back to the 1980s when football had taken a downward spin and arguments on the best direction to stray the athletics was really taken up by the regimen who were sing demand ordinance of the game. This action was b roughlyt approximately payable to the catastrophes of Heysel, Bradford and Hillsborough each(prenominal) bit well(p) as the rise in vandalism. Their reaction was to scotch the evidently uninterested football governments with an multitude of drastic steps that if use could reach had damaging set up on the athletics from grassroots to the captain person phase. However, the publication in 1989 of the Heysel and Taylor Reports seemed to quiet issues down slightly, and loose up chances for province and corp orate investing. This motto the deliberate rise of professionalism and commerce inwardly the administrations creditworthy for football.From the early mid-nineties, Football gained more on a repute for professionalism as axial motion up and down the state were refurbished or freshly build, which hastened the gentrification of the athletics. Around this clip, involvement began to look at heart faculty member circles as Rogan Taylor, the ardor behind the Football Supporters connection, founded a inquiry travail at the University of Liverpool. This was followed by others at heart instruction that brought approximately and applied revolutionary thoughts, techniques and different positions on surveies and probes based on the athletics.Then in 1996, England was hosts to European Championships. This p flushe the phase to demo how the athleticss popularity had increased, which confirmed to the so in power Labour party that football had become deserving of authorities atte nding. However, despite the obvious spin and option tactics of MPs playing football with top names in football and the similar, politicians did present concerns on the general province and way of the game.There were to five chief facets of concernThe eldest was based on the mode the Football Association conducted its committal and ordinance of the game as a whole. There was a figure of people/groups that motto the FA as the prima figure responsible for the use of the athletics refering its commercial-grade involvements the downgrading of such competitions as the FA Cup wary monetary direction that saw the FA eat up money and the inconsistent public presentation of our national squad. The one concern was to how the 92-member FA Council delineate the many avenues of involvement in the game, if at allSecond, issues were raised on nine ownership and the way of life that they were cosmea run. The founding of the FA Premier League brought about a displacement in club own ership. This saw many protagonists marginalised as a consequence. A perfect illustration of this was the death of Wimbledon FC, a squad I had supported since the 80 s, nevertheless thither is an of all eon turning list of nines being consumed and ruined by those with their ain docket and vested concern involvements.The 3rd issue related to the extent of corruptness and inside trades inwardly the game. With the rise to power in agents in the athletics came what was cognise as the spile civilization, whereby big sums of big(a) currency was passed to procure transportation trades over other nines. It had been uncovered that wagering frauds were taking topographical point inwardly the game. These were all causes for concern. ahead on the list looked at how all communities were being represented in regard of their fighting, spectatorship and disposal. Top of the list was the comprehension of feminines within the game, nevertheless, this shortly included people with balks and e thnical minorities.Finally, there was a belief that clubs two professional and amateur could and should affect themselves with programmes in their communities. This concerns the development and instruction of immature football players between the age of 5 and 15 every bit good as inventing a community development political platform where football would be used as a societal intercession.Over the last 14 old ages policy and academic motion on all these facets has shown twelvemonthical addition. A major drift for this came from the division for Culture, Media and Sport when they commissioned the Football occupation Force who were responsible for fresh curse of the FA, in the signifier of documents, texts and books, which called for a greater betterment in their administration of the athletics. However, vanquish grew referable to the obstinate stance taken by the FA in regard of this affair which in bend saw far effect per unit area applied by a twine of Curates of Sport. In 2004 the FA Council authorised Lord Burns to channelise on a reappraisal on the athletics, which after the concluding study saw the FA commit to new administration attends, grateful democratic representation and promote football interlock, whatever form it takes to all.However, this was no cushy undertaking as despite the spacious popularity the athletics commands, it does non hold a great standing in its history in relation to societal inclusion. The athletics has ever had a club based constitution about it, particularly when it comes to the male, white, aged, in-between crime syndicate predomination of the regulating organic complex body part, that has circumscribe price of admission to football for many communities/groups and peoples over the past 100+ old ages. disagreement in its many signifiers has been rampant within the athletics and this is argued that despite the promotions make within the athletics over the last 20 old ages or so, the stigma of these past attitudes has left its gradeChanging attitudes within the FA select led to several enterprises and runs being launched which are aimed at puting new criterions within the game as a whole. The flower It Out run, ( ab initio established in 1993 and re-launched in 2009 ) focuses on equality and inclusion within the game. It was ab initio knowing as a usher for professional nines for developing and accomplishing criterions and policies within their administration, but has since cascaded down to the recreational game every bit good as community based undertakings and educational institutes to dispute favoritism, promote comprehensive precedents and work for despotic alteration. Premier League honcho Executive, Richard Scudamore welcomed the launch of the Equality Standard express that Baseball clubs can hold an super positive influence on their fans every bit good as in the communities around them so it s of import that they show how they embrace diverseness and are unfastene d and accessible to everyone. Although there has been a positive swing in the inclusion of pagan groups in regard of their entree to football and simulate advance within it, there still remains a major on give-up the ghosting undertaking for the FA to plug that they break down all the barriers, and non merely in regard of move participants to the game. The door needs to be opened to pulling possible referees, decision makers, managers, voluntaries and witnesss to the game.another(prenominal) estate of growing within the athletics has been within the wound communities. Prior to 1999 there was really limited support by the FA refering the development of disablement football, as they found it about impossible to make an inclusive scheme for handicapped football. However, in 1999 the starting national disablement football programme Ability Counts was launched.This was seen by many as the first stairss in placing and developing endue participants with experient teach and led the manner to increasing engagement in the disablement game. In response to several political sympathies policy paperss in 2001 the FA produced a strategical model for football development in England. One of the cardinal points within this papers was entitled Opportunities for all which charged the FA with the business to attempt everybody had the chance to play, manager, manage, referee and be witnesss irrespective of their race, civilization, faith, gender, capacity, sexual orientation, ethnicity or societal position. In add-on to this the FA as well as introduced its first Disability Football Strategy ( 2004-2006 ) and this gave manner to incorporating disablement football into the mainstream .Disability football now has a overplus of meetings, non merely crossways the state but crosswise the country every bit good. About all of the 92 football conference nines every bit good as non conference nines get down some signifier of disablement development. Disability footba ll representation at International degrees is fast developing, with squads now viing in European and World Championships. The England National squad boasts 7 different damage squads coating Amputee, Blind, Cerebral Palsy, Deaf, Learning Disability, Partially perceive and Women s Deaf squad. Many chances have opened up for those interested in working with handicapped football players either at club degree or in the community. The FA s syllabus on Coaching Disabled Football players is intentional to give already qualified football managers and teacher s alike a scope of thoughts and patterns to enable the inclusion of handicapped participants in football Sessionss within mainstream or damage specific Sessionss.A cardinal component of the FA s scheme of inclusivity has been the debut of mini tie-up football, which is played with littler squads such as 5, 6 and 7-a-side The exclusive intent of the debut of mini association football back in the 1990s was to enable kids under th e age of 11 to bask the game on a smaller graduated table. This allowed the kid to hold more touches of the ball, developing their creativeness and restore the phase for them to develop their accomplishments. However, due to its popularity mini association football spread across the state like wildfire and within 18 months nines countrywide had recruited squads of all ages under the age of 10. As you might anticipate, these lucifers are ofttimes watched by the parents, defenders, friends and relations, which frequently creates an unwelcome pressurised milieu for the kid. Concerns on what impact this may hold on the kid s public assistance has been covered within the work of Brackenridge et Al s ( 2007 ) , and moreover the effects of some of the grownup input at these games has been high gearlighted as a job. This has been ad togged up by the FA with the debut of their Respect programmeThe biggest achiever the FA have had to day of the month in regard of their equality and dive rseness run comes with the go oning growing of the Women s and Girls game, which officially boasts more participants viing in attached competition than any other female squad athletics. Numbers have continued to curve since 1993, when the figure of female participants was said to be about 10,000, compared to today where it is over 180,000. This growing was highlighted in Sport England s restless People study of 2008 which stated that 260,000 undecomposedy grown females and 1.1 one one thousand million million million misss play some signifier of football in England. 26 million females where flagged as playing across the universe, of which 4.1 million are playing attached football, bespeaking a 54 per cent growing since the yr 2000 ( FIFA Big Count 2006 ) .The female engagement in the game does non halt at playing competitory football either, as over 20,000 females have successfully accomplish FA training makings, which includes 150 Degree 3 UEFA B managers, and full-time adult females s Football Development Military officers are now employed across the state. The female game has gained a really humble audience and is traveling from strength to strength. The success of the female national manager, Hope Powell, is a testimony of the journeying made within the adult females s game. Player tracts are now more defined and the fling of many Centres of Excellence within topical anaesthetic nines allows for greater participant engagement and patterned advance. The figure of gifted participants that emerge from these Centres to travel into the national side is grounds of their success. 2011 exit see the launch of the FA Women s top-notch League, a semi-professional conference for Women s Association Football Clubs that leaveing be seen as the highest degree of adult females s football in England. This without a uncertainty forget raise the profile of the female game even more within local communities.The promotions made by means of the publicity of the game over the old ages has opened manner to a battalion of classs that persons can now take to acquire formal makings that enable greater participant in the universe of football. Gone are the yearss where paid engagement in the game meant being totally tough with the professional side of football. by means of the FA entirely you can inscribe on a assortment of classs depending on your country of involvement. These classs are designed to run into the demands of persons depending on their old noesis, experience or involvement in football. There are varied degrees of expertness that can be achieved finished the classs that cater for Coaches, Referees, Sports Scientists and Medics, Psychologists, those tortuous with kidskin surety and Safeguarding and FA Coachs who are involved with training the managers.The FA has besides given its support to the immense springs and bounds made within the athletics through with(predicate) the work Universities, Colleges and Schools. A ll three dressed ore on developing the game at the grassroots degree, from the observations of Football Development Officers, made up from a work force of alumnuss whose intent is to back up all countries of male and female football development throughout the county, to the many classs put on by schools and colleges that range from NVQ take aims 1, 2 and 3 in Coaching Teaching & A Instructing Association Football to BTEC Awards in Sport. These classs can be further pursued to level 4+ through University. However, due to the FA s changeless ordinance of the athletics to guarantee that all participants are being amend in the right mode, it has become ingrained that all educational Centres whatever their pretense, adhere to the professional values set out by the administration. The NVQ classs for illustration have a really rigorous appraisal process to guarantee that all countries of instruction are being met. As the scholar begins their journey on the class they are assessed cont inually by theory and practical activities designed to prove how far they have travelled. These appraisals are chiefly conducted by the topic instructor nevertheless, over the class twelvemonth inner(a) vouchers from the institute and external vouchers from the presenting organic structure every bit good as the FA execute their ain appraisals. On top of this there are reviews from OFSTED who will chance on on the quality of the class.All those involved with information within the instruction and training sectors have to play a censorious function to guarantee that professional development demands are continually met. This begins from the design and take of the classs, whether its Football Coaching or Child Protection, working with the feedback gathered from such appraisals, observations and reviews is innate to the academic and accomplishments development docket.Having worked as a football manager before come ining learning I can to the full appreciate the demand for professi onalism within the learnedness sector, holding upheld the criterions set out by the FA for many old ages. Both managers and instructors likewise need to demo a high degree of committedness to back uping scholarly person acquisition, and within that committedness the values and attitudes that digest the work of instructors should ever be incorporated. severally instructor should by taking to accomplish this by holding high outlooks of all pupils, helping and back uping accomplishments and raising the legal profession for them to force even higher use all pupils with the same regard no affair what their cultural, faith or cultural background and ever advancing positive values, attitudes and behavior. It is besides necessary that all instructors and managers take duty for their ain continued professional development, every bit good as bettering their ain instruction through self-motivation and observation of their ain pattern. I personally use a wise man who has assist my ac quisition and development vastly. Through the utilisation of my wise man I have been able to make and accomplish finishs that have been laid out for me. This has been possible due to the partnership I have built with my wise man over the old ages. Bing a trusted co-worker, working along side them has helped me to critically measure my ain instruction in regard of analyzing my strengths and failings, which in bend has developed my instruction accomplishments and professional qualities within the function. Taking a professional stance when meeting duties, being antiphonary to advice, and taking a positive bombardment to the function are all indispensable for this partnership to work.Between the two of us we have brought many different accomplishments, thoughts and solutions to the class we both teach, which has helped develop the current face of the class. This has besides been made accomplishable through the work we both do with the County FA. As antecedently mentioned, the FA beh avior appraisals and ratings of their ain, throughout the continuation of the class. These look at content, quality, training methods, ratings and appraisals. tied(p) meetings are held with FA Tutors and Coach Educators to discourse and guarantee that all classs being put on meet the criterions set out by the FA and fall into line with the outlooks of current course of study and pupil development. Kolb s experiential Learning Cycle ( 1984 ) is an of all time on traveling procedure for both the FA awarding organic structures, instructors, managers and pupils likewise, leting for development demands of pedagogue and pupil to be met at all times.To better my ain development I have embarked on fostering my cognition of training on two foreparts. First, I have undertaken my 3rd training making, the FA Level 3/UEFA B Licence, which in coaching footings is the start of the serious terminal of the concern. This will give me more insight into the game and will decidedly heighten the learn ing experience of the pupils. Second, The FA has late introduced a new twine of training makings designed at training kids. The FA Youth Award has been designed to provide strictly for the demands of pupils from the ages of 5-15. The initial faculties of the class looks at how to make the right environment for the kid to larn and how to develop pattern Sessionss which can be tailored harmonizing to the age, ability and experience of different immature participants. This will be my following venture when I have successfully passed my the FA Level 3/UEFA B Licence as I believe this cognition would be priceless plus to my go oning turning inventory of learning cognition and resources.The journey football has made over the last 20 old ages has been slightly of a rough one, However, the message the FA are directing out is that football is for everyone and this grounds can now be seen within towns and communities and even farther afield in many states across the universe. The continued a dvancement made by the FA by presenting new and improved classs, every bit good as planning an on-line resource called FA Learning, is promoting to state the least. Football has become an instruction in itself whereby those involved addition cognition and development through the proficient, physical, psychological and societal facets of the game. Whether there is a turning hereafter within educational institutes for the instruction of managers remains to be seen, in visible radiation of the recent fiscal cuts implemented by the authorities that has touch on many athleticss classs state broad within schools and colleges. However, the FA will go on to endeavor to bring forth quality classs, managers and pedagogues in its mission to convey football to all. maintain